Information maximization in face processing

This perspective paper explores principles of unsupervised learning and how they relate to face recognition. Dependency coding and information maximization appear to be central principles in neural coding early in the visual system. These principles may be relevant to how we think about higher visual processes such as face recognition as well. The paper first reviews examples of dependency learning in biological vision, along with principles of optimal information transfer and information maximization. Next, we examine algorithms for face recognition by computer from a perspective of information maximization. The eigenface approach can be considered as an unsupervised system that learns the firstand second-order dependencies among face image pixels. Eigenfaces maximize information transfer only in the case where the input distributions are Gaussian. Independent component analysis (ICA) learns high-order dependencies in addition to firstand second-order relations, and maximizes information transfer for a more general set of input distributions. Face representations based on ICA gave better recognition performance than eigenfaces, supporting the theory that information maximization is a good strategy for high level visual functions such as face recognition. Finally, we review perceptual studies suggesting that dependency learning is relevant to human face perception as well, and present an information maximization account of perceptual effects such as the atypicality bias, and face adaptation aftereffects. r 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.